Women's rights - Wikipedia. Women's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls of many societies worldwide, and formed the basis to the women's rights movement in the nineteenth century and feminist movement during the 2. In some countries, these rights are institutionalized or supported by law, local custom, and behavior, whereas in others they may be ignored or suppressed. They differ from broader notions of human rights through claims of an inherent historical and traditional bias against the exercise of rights by women and girls, in favour of men and boys. For instance in the Nigerian Aka culture women may hunt, even on their own, and often control distribution of resources. Women could not inherit businesses or wealth. A wife could be ousted if she failed to birth a son, committed adultery,disobeyed her parent's in law, spoke excessively,stole,was given bouts of jealousy or suffered from an incurable or loathsome disease or disorder. For the upper classes, it was almost 1. In 1. 91. 2, the Chinese government ordered the cessation of foot- binding. Foot- binding involved alteration of the bone structure so that the feet were only about 4 inches long. The bound feet caused difficulty of movement, thus greatly limiting the activities of women. Due to the social custom that men and women should not be near to one another, the women of China were reluctant to be treated by male doctors of Western Medicine. This resulted in a tremendous need for female doctors of Western Medicine in China. Thus, female medical missionary Dr. Marilyn Monroe or Raquel Welch? Angelina Jolie or Jennifer Aniston? With this slideshow of the 100 hottest women of all time, we solve every debate you've ever had with your buddies. Man and Woman Some people nowadays seem to think that ancient Egyptian women lived in an almost ideal world of equality. This was not the case. They may have had more rights and independence than women in other ancient. Few recent stories have gripped the public imagination as much as Bruce Jenner’s journey from Olympic icon to transgender woman. And no one has had the unfettered access that Jenner and her family gave Buzz Bissinger, who. On this day in History, First American woman in space on Jun 18, 1983. Learn more about what happened today on History. Known as the Hackett Medical College for Women (. The College was aimed at the spreading of Christianity and modern medicine and the elevation of Chinese women's social status. These women were known as Mui Tsai. The lives of Mui Tsai were recorded by American feminist Agnes Smedley in her book Portraits of Chinese Women in Revolution. In May 1. 95. 0 the Peoples Republic of China enacted the New Marriage Law to tackle the sale of women into slavery. This outlawed marriage by proxy and made marriage legal so long as both partners consent. The New Marriage Law raised the legal age of marriage to 2. This was an essential part of countryside land reform as women could no longer legally be sold to landlords. The official slogan was . Until marriage, women were under the guardianship of their father or other male relative. Once married, the husband became a woman's kyrios. As women were barred from conducting legal proceedings, the kyrios would do so on their behalf. The only permanent barrier to citizenship, and hence full political and civil rights, in ancient Athens was gender. All the Single Ladies. Recent years have seen an explosion of male joblessness and a steep decline in men’s life prospects that have disrupted the “romantic market” in ways that narrow a marriage-minded woman’s options. No women ever acquired citizenship in ancient Athens, and therefore women were excluded in principle and practice from ancient Athenian democracy. Although Spartan women were formally excluded from military and political life they enjoyed considerable status as mothers of Spartan warriors. As men engaged in military activity, women took responsibility for running estates. Following protracted warfare in the 4th century BC Spartan women owned approximately between 3. Spartan land and property. Men forbade them from speaking at assemblies and segregated them from any political activities. Aristotle also thought Spartan women's influence was mischievous and highlighted the greater legal freedom of women in Sparta were its ruins. He argued that women's main economic activity is that of safeguarding the household property created by men. According to Aristotle the labour of women added no value because . Roman society, however, was patriarchal, and women could not vote, hold public office, or serve in the military. During the Roman Republic, the mother of the Gracchus brothers and of Julius Caesar were noted as exemplary women who advanced the career of their sons. During the Imperial period, women of the emperor's family could acquire considerable political power, and were regularly depicted in official art and on coinage. Plotina exercised influence on both her husband, the emperor Trajan, and his successor Hadrian. Her letters and petitions on official matters were made available to the public . Both daughters and sons were subject to patria potestas, the power wielded by their father as head of household (paterfamilias). At the height of the Empire (1st. She then became subject to her husband's potestas, though to a lesser degree than their children. This arrangement was one of the factors in the independence Roman women enjoyed relative to those of many other ancient cultures and up to the modern period. Children most often took the father's name, but in the Imperial period sometimes made their mother's name part of theirs, or even used it instead. Rape victims were also shamed for allowing the bad name in her father's honour. Adultery, which had been a private family matter under the Republic, was criminalized. That is, a double standard was in place: a married woman could have sex only with her husband, but a married man did not commit adultery when he had sex with a prostitute, slave, or person of marginalized status (infamis). Stoics of the Imperial era such as Seneca and Musonius Rufus developed theories of just relationships. While not advocating equality in society or under the law, they held that nature gives men and women equal capacity for virtue and equal obligations to act virtuously, and that therefore men and women had an equal need for philosophical education. The daughters of senators and knights seem to have regularly received a primary education (for ages 7 to 1. Girls from a modest background might be schooled in order to help with the family business or to acquire literacy skills that enabled them to work as scribes and secretaries. Her influence put her into conflict with the bishop of Alexandria, Cyril, who may have been implicated in her violent death in the year 4. Christian mob. After speaking out against the tyranny of the royal family, Lucretia killed herself as a political and moral protest. Roman authors saw her self- sacrifice as the catalyst for overthrowing the monarchy and establishing the republic. The rape of a slave could be prosecuted only as damage to her owner's property. Augustine and other Church Fathers interpreted Lucretia's suicide as perhaps an admission that she had encouraged the rapist and experienced pleasure. If she had been raped or abducted against her will, she was still subject to lesser penalties as an accomplice, . But the traditional restriction of women in the public life as well as the hostility against independent women still continued. The church also supported the political power of those who were friendly toward the clergy. The appointment of mothers and grandmothers as tutors was sanctioned by Justinian. The restrictions on the marriage of senators and other men of high rank with women of low rank were extended by Constantine, but it was almost entirely removed by Justinian. Second marriages were discouraged, especially by making it legal to impose a condition that a widow's right to property should cease on remarriage, and the Leonine Constitutions at the end of the 9th century made third marriages punishable. The same constitutions made the benediction of a priest a necessary part of the ceremony of marriage. Slave wives may have been abolished but the general moral principles covering activities such as divorce still apply today. By providing that the wife, not her family, would receive a dowry from the husband, which she could administer as her personal property, the Qur'an made women a legal party to the marriage contract. It was belief based on St. Paul, that the pain of childbirth was a punishment for this deed that led mankind to be banished from the Garden of Eden. That was the core purpose set out both culturally and religiously across Medieval Europe. In the legal system, women were regarded as the properties of men so any threat or injury to them was in the duty of their male guardians. Sometimes regardless of expectation, women did participate and attend court cases and court meetings. But women could not act as justices in courts, be attorneys, they could not be members of a jury and they could not accuse another person of a felony unless it's the murder of her husband. In Swedish law, women would also only get half that of her brother in inheritance. The Wergild of woman was double that of a man with same status in the Aleman and Bavarian legal codes. Certain areas with Visgothic inheritance laws until the 7th century were favorable to women while all the other laws were not. Having sex with them through force or without consent usually had zero legal consequence or punishment. Women had religious authority and were active as priestesses (gydja) and oracles (sejdkvinna). Culture and art at the time depicted these witches as seductive and evil further fuelling moral panic in fusion with rhetoric from the Church. The origin of the female . In all of the regions, the laws also gave men substantial powers over lives, property and bodies of their wives. Eventually English courts forbade a husband's transferring property without the consent of his wife, but he still retained the right to manage it and to receive the money which it produced. French married women suffered from restrictions on their legal capacity which were removed only in 1. English and American Quakers believed that men and women were equal. Many Quaker women were preachers. According to a study published in the American Journal of Social Issues & Humanities, the condition for women during Locke's time were as quote. These legal features of marriage suggest that the idea of a marriage between equals appeared unlikely to most Victorians. For example, Thomas Paine wrote in An Occasional Letter on the Female Sex 1. Man with regard to them, has been either an insensible husband or an oppressor.
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